osi reference model การใช้

• As such it is based on protocol levels at or above layer 3 of the OSI reference model.
• In addition, most modern switches have integrated network managing capabilities and may operate on numerous layers of the OSI reference model.
• The standard is usually referred to as the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, the OSI Reference Model, or simply the OSI model.
• In the mid-1980s, several sets of communication protocols emerged to fill the gaps between the data-link layer and the application layer of the OSI reference model.
• Although MPI belongs in layers 5 and higher of the OSI Reference Model, implementations may cover most layers, with sockets and Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) used in the transport layer.
• While SDH is considered to be a transmission protocol ( Layer 1 in the OSI Reference Model ), it also performs some switching functions, as stated in the third bullet point requirement listed above.
• Protocols are often talked about in terms of their place in the OSI reference model ( pictured on the right ), which emerged in 1983 as the first step in an unsuccessful attempt to build a universally adopted networking protocol suite.
• Communication between processes in NLTSS by convention used the "'LINCS "'( "'Livermore Interactive Network Communication System "') protocol suite, which defined a protocol stack along the lines of that defined by the OSI reference model.
• Packet filtering firewalls work mainly on the first three layers of the OSI reference model, which means most of the work is done between the network and physical layers, with a little bit of peeking into the transport layer to figure out source and destination port numbers.
• Although not developed under the OSI Reference Model and not strictly conforming to the OSI definition of the transport layer, the Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) and the User Datagram Protocol ( UDP ) of the Internet Protocol Suite are commonly categorized as layer-4 protocols within OSI.
• The HMS Media Access Control ( MAC ) Layer Specification describes the messaging and protocols implemented at the Data Link Layer ( DLL ), Layer 2 in the 7-layer ISO-OSI reference model, that support reliable and efficient communications between HMS-compliant transponders interfacing to managed outside plant ( OSP ) network elements ( NEs ) and a centralized headend element ( HE ).